No regulator accepts a foreign credential without certifying its authenticity of origin. That certification has two routes — the Hague Apostille or consular legalization — and they are not interchangeable: the one that applies to you depends solely on the country that issued the credential. Confusing them is one of the most expensive causes of correction: it can cost 4 to 12 weeks.
What the Hague Apostille is
It is a single stamp, governed by the 1961 Hague Convention, certifying the authenticity of the signature and the office of whoever issued the document. With the apostille, the credential is valid in any of the more than 120 signatory countries, with no further steps.
- It is issued by a designated authority of the country of origin (a foreign or justice ministry, or a chancellery, depending on the country).
- In several countries it is electronic: Colombia, for example, processes it online in 1-3 days.
What consular legalization is
If the issuing country is not a party to the Convention, the credential has to be legalized in a chain: the local education authority, the issuing country's foreign ministry, and finally the receiving country's consulate. It is a process and each link can return the document.